ReferencesCopy Anchor Link

1. Albert, Michael. 1998. “Looking Back, Moving Forward.” Z Magazine, September. https://znetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/zinstructionals/htdocs/RTInstruc/id95.htm
2. Alinsky, Saul. 1971. Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals. New York: Random House.
3. Arendt, Hannah. 1963. On Revolution. New York: Penguin Books.
4. Arora, Rav. 2022. “The Culture Taboo.” City Journal, September 27. https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-culture-taboo
5. Bail, Chris A., et al. 2021. “Echo Chambers, Filter Bubbles, and Polarisation.” Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/echo-chambers-filter-bubbles-and-polarisation-literature-review.
6. Berkun, Scott. 2005. “Why Smart People Defend Bad Ideas.” ScottBerkun.com, April. https://scottberkun.com/essays/40-why-smart-people-defend-bad-ideas/
7. Berman, Russell A. 2020. “Left Fascism.” Tablet, September 30. https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/real-history-left-fascism
8. Bethesda Game Studios. 2008. Fallout 3. Video game. Bethesda Softworks.
9. Bisk, Tsvi. 2002. “Toward a Practical Utopianism.” The Futurist 36 (2), March–April.
10. http://www.ghandchi.com/iranscope/Anthology/bisk.htm
11. Bodnick, Marc. 2023. “How Critical Theory Is Radicalizing High School Debate.” Slow Boring, July 29. https://www.slowboring.com/p/how-critical-theory-is-radicalizing
12. Boggs, Carl. 1997. “The Great Retreat.” Theory and Society 26 (6): 741–80. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006849114681
13. Bostrom, Nick. 2026. “Optimal Timing for Superintelligence: Mundane Considerations for Existing People.” Working paper, version 1.0. https://nickbostrom.com/optimal.pdf.
14. Bronner, Stephen Eric. 1999. Ideas in Action: Political Tradition in the Twentieth Century. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
15. Carlin, Diana, and David Levasseur. 2001. “Egocentric Argument and the Public Sphere.” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 (3): 407–31.
16. Connolly, William E. 1999. “Assembling the Left.” Boundary 2 26 (3): 183–201.
17. Debate AI Institute. 2026. 𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕊𝕪𝕟𝕖𝕣𝕘𝕪 𝕊𝕝𝕒𝕪𝕖𝕣 of Federalism & Politics in Debate: Decision-Makers Limit Consideration to Intrinsic Opportunity Cost Tradeoffs. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21881743
18. Debate AI Institute. 2026. “2026 NDT Finals – CSU Long Beach OM vs. Emory GS – Round Analysis Infographic for Classrooms.” YouTube video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfG4qeHIU9M
19. Debate AI Institute. 2026. Debate AI Collective Consciousness: Reimagining the Web as Argument Mind Map is Key to Crowdsourced AI Decision-Making. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22739244
20. Derrida, Jacques, and Elisabeth Roudinesco. 2004. For What Tomorrow . . . A Dialogue. Translated by Jeff Fort. Stanford University Press.
21. Eberle, Edward J. 2004. “Cross Burning, Hate Speech, and Free Speech in America.” Arizona State Law Journal 36: 953
22. Edwards, Rich. 2013. Critique Killer: Winning Answers to the Critique. Latin America ed. Edited by Ryan Galloway. https://www.scribd.com/doc/293560476/Critique-Master-Answer-File-pdf
23. Eisenberg, Melvin A. 2009. “The Role of Fault in Contract Law.” Michigan Law Review 107 (8): 1413–94. https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1316&context=mlr
24. Erdogan, Emre, Bernadette Nadya Jaworsky, Cláudia Álvares, Bojana Bodroža, Eglė Butkevičienė, Erlis Cela, Jérémy Dodeigne, Shahira S.
25. Fahmy, Sarah Helena Schäfer, Graham Scott, Gonzalo Velasco Arias, and Rocio Zamora Medina. 2026. “The Evolving Study of Political Polarization.” Open Research Europe 6: Article 93. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23252.1
26. Fearon, James D., and Alexander Wendt. 2002. “Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Skeptical View.” In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons, 52–72. London: Sage.
27. Feaver, Peter D. 2001. “Proliferation and Security.” In Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready?, edited by Peter D. Feaver and James M. Ludes. London: Frank Cass.
28. Ferguson, Yale H., Richard W. Mansbach. 1991. “Between Celebration and Despair.” International Studies Quarterly 35 (4): 363–86.
29. Fishback, James. 2023. “At High School Debates, Watch What You Say.” The Free Press, June 26. https://www.thefp.com/p/personal-tweets-lose-high-school-debates
30. Foster, Peter, Roger Gomm, and Martyn Hammersley. 1996. Constructing Educational Inequality. London: Falmer Press.
31. Foucault, Michel. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Translated by A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon Books.
32. Gibson-Graham, J. K. 1996. The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.
33. Guriev, Sergei, and Elias Papaioannou. 2022. “The Political Economy of Populism.” Journal of Economic Literature 60 (3): 753–832.
34. Guriev, Sergei, and Daniel Treisman. 2022. Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
35. Haverty, Natasha. 2016. “After Half a Century, Inmates Resurrect the Norfolk Prison Debating Society.” NPR, December 27. https://www.npr.org/2016/12/27/506314053/after-half-a-century-inmates-resurrect-the-norfolk-prison-debating-society
36. Hazlett, Thomas W. 2021. “The ‘Nirvana Fallacy’ in ‘Hipster Antitrust.’” George Mason Law Review 28 (4): 1253–78.
37. Hirschbiegel, Oliver, director. 2004. Downfall. Film. Munich: Constantin Film.
38. Kershaw, Ian. 2007. “How Democracy Produced a Monster.” International Herald Tribune, February 3.
39. Kidner, David W. 2000. Nature and Psyche: Radical Environmentalism and the Politics of Subjectivity. Albany: SUNY Press.
40. Kivimäki, Mika, J. E. Ferrie, Eric Brunner, J. Head, M. J. Shipley, J. Vahtera, and M. G. Marmot. 2008. “Unfairness and Health: Evidence from the Whitehall II Study.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 62 (5): 443–50. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.064238
41. Krause, Keith, and Michael C. Williams, eds. 1997. Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases. Minneapolis: U. Minnesota Press.
42. Krishna, Sankaran. 1993. “The Importance of Being Ironic: A Postcolonial View of International Relations.” Alternatives 18 (3): 385–417.
43. Lempinen, Edward. 2024. “In a Time of Bitter Polarization, Berkeley Researchers Find a Promising Solution.” Berkeley News, October 18. https://news.berkeley.edu/2024/10/18/in-a-time-of-bitter-polarization-berkeley-researchers-find-a-promising-solution/
44. Lester, J. C. 2022. “Wokeness Is Inverted Fascism Plus Hypocrisy.” SSRN Electronic Journal. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4227166
45. Leslie, Lisa M., David M. Mayer, and David A. Kravitz. 2014. “The Stigma of Affirmative Action: A Stereotyping-Based Theory and Meta-Analytic Test of the Consequences for Performance.” Academy of Management Journal 57 (4): 964–89. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0940
46. Levitz, Eric. 2023. “Blaming ‘Capitalism’ Is Not an Alternative to Solving Problems.” New York Magazine, April 10.
47. Linklater, Andrew. 1990. Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations. London: Macmillan.
48. Lobel, Orly. 2007. “The Paradox of Extralegal Activism: Critical Legal Consciousness and Transformative Politics.” Harvard Law Review 120 (4): 937–89. https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/lobel.pdf
49. Lucas, George, director. 1977. Star Wars: Episode IV—A New Hope. Film. Los Angeles: Twentieth Century-Fox.
50. Lucas, George, director. 2005. Star Wars: Episode III—Revenge of the Sith. Film. Los Angeles: Twentieth Century Fox.
51. Malhotra, Neil. 2015. “Are Politicians Two-Faced?” Politico Magazine, May. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/05/are-politicians-two-faced-117803
52. .Mantzavinos, Chrysostomos. 2020. “Hermeneutics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2020 ed., edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/hermeneutics/
53. Martin, Brian. 1990. Uprooting War. London: Freedom Press. http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw08.html
54. Mertus, Julie A. 1999. “The Role of Racism as a Cause or Factor in Wars and Civil Conflict.” Paper presented at the International Council on Human Rights Policy Consultation on Racism and Human Rights, Geneva, December 3–4.
55. https://francegenocidetutsi.org/MertusRacisme.pdf
56. Meyer, Stephen. 2017. “Fake News, Real Consequences: The Dangers of WMD Disinformation.” Nuclear Threat Initiative, December 7. https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/fake-news-real-consequences-dangers-wmd-disinformation
57. Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1990. Twilight of the Idols. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. London: Penguin Books. Originally published 1888.
58. NPR. 2008. “A Debatable Point.” August 25. https://www.npr.org/2008/08/25/93937989/a-debatable-point
59. O’Kane, Rosemary. 1997. “Modernity, the Holocaust and Politics.” Economy and Society 26 (1): 57–73.
60. Pariser, Eli. 2011. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York: Penguin Press.
61. Pennycook, Gordon, and David G. Rand. 2021. “The Psychology of Fake News.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 25 (5): 388–402.
62. Pinker, Steven. 2002. “The Killer Instinct.” The Times (London), September 3.
63. Presley, Elvis. 1970. “A Little Less Conversation.” Recorded 1968. Track on Almost in Love. RCA Victor.
64. Pryor, Rain, quoted in David Fear, “The Night That Changed Richard Pryor’s Comedy Forever,” TIME, June 29, 2022.
65. Pryor, Richard, quoted in “Comedy: He Was the First Black Stand-Up to Tell It Like It Was,” The Times, 2005.
66. Robson, David. 2020. “Why It’s So Hard to Be Rational about COVID-19.” BBC Future, May 5. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200505-why-its-so-hard-to-be-rational-about-covid-19
67. Rorty, Richard. 1998. Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
68. Roskoski, Matthew, and Joe Peabody. 1991. “A Linguistic and Philosophical Critique of Language ‘Arguments.’” Paper, Florida State University Debate. Vermont Debate Theory Library, University of Vermont. http://debate.uvm.edu/Library/DebateTheoryLibrary/Roskoski&PeabodyLangCritiques
69. Ross, Kelley L. 2000. “Against the Theory of Sexist Language.” The Proceedings of the Friesian School. http://www.friesian.com/language.htm
70. Sandmann, František Xaver. Napoléon in Sainte-Hélène. Circa 1820. Watercolor. Musée national des châteaux de Malmaison et de Bois-Préau, Rueil-Malmaison, France.
71. Schwitzgebel, Eric, and Joshua Rust. 2010. “Do Ethicists and Political Philosophers Vote More Often Than Other Professors?” Review of Philosophy and Psychology 1 (2): 189–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-009-0011-6
72. Shanahan, William. 1993. “Critique of Thinking.” In Health Care Policy: Debating Coverage Cures, Wake Forest University Debater’s Research Guide, A3–A8. https://debate-decoded.ghost.io/author/lincoln/
73. Smith, Steve. 1997. “Power and Truth: A Reply to William Wallace.” Review of International Studies 23 (4): 507–16
74. Speice, Patrick, and Jim Lyle. 2003. “Traditional Policy Debate.” Wake Forest University Debate. http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.htm
75. Tetlock, Philip E. 2017. Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
76. Washington, Denzel, director. 2007. The Great Debaters. Film. The Weinstein Company.
77. Waterlow, Jonathan. 2023. “The Jokes Always Saved Us: Humour in the Time of Stalin.” Aeon, October 24. https://aeon.co/ideas/the-jokes-always-saved-us-humour-in-the-time-of-stalin
78. Wendt, Alexander. 2000. “On the Via Media: A Response to the Critics.” Review of International Studies 26 (1): 165–80.
79. Won, Chiwook. 2014. “Overdetermination, Counterfactuals, and Mental Causation.” The Philosophical Review 123 (2): 205–29.
80. Žižek, Slavoj. 1998. “Why Does the Law Need an Obscene Supplement?” In Law and the Postmodern Mind: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Jurisprudence, edited by Peter Goodrich and David Gray Carlson. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
81. Žižek, Slavoj. 2000. The Fragile Absolute: Or, Why Is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For? London: Verso.
82. Žižek, Slavoj. 2006. The Parallax View. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
83. Žižek, Slavoj. 2012. The Pervert’s Guide to Ideology. Directed by Sophie Fiennes. Film. New York: Zeitgeist Films.
84. Žižek, Slavoj. 2016. “The Sexual Is Political.” The Philosophical Salon. https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/the-sexual-is-political
85. Žižek, Slavoj. 2024. “The Shooting of Trump.” Substack. https://slavoj.substack.com/p/the-shooting-of-trump
86. Žižek, Slavoj and Elola, Joseba. 2025. “Slavoj Žižek, Philosopher: ‘Wisdom Is What I Hate Most, It Is Absolute Conformist Stupidity.’”. EL PAÍS English, May 25, 2025. https://t.ly/-0K-U